Complete Bibliography

55+ Scientific References Supporting SwimAnalytics

Referenced Scientific Literature

All metrics and formulas in SwimAnalytics are backed by peer-reviewed research published in leading sports science, physiology, and biomechanics journals.

📚 Journal Coverage

References span publications including:

  • European Journal of Applied Physiology
  • International Journal of Sports Medicine
  • Journal of Sports Sciences
  • Sports Medicine
  • Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
  • Sensors (MDPI)
  • Human Movement Science
  • BioMed Research International
  • Frontiers in Sports and Active Living

Critical Swim Speed (CSS)

  1. Wakayoshi, K., Yoshida, T., Udo, M., Kasai, T., Moritani, T., Mutoh, Y., & Miyashita, M.
    (1992)
    A simple method for determining critical speed as swimming fatigue threshold in competitive swimming.
    International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(5), 367-371.
    Reference →
  2. Wakayoshi, K., Ikuta, K., Yoshida, T., Udo, M., Moritani, T., Mutoh, Y., & Miyashita, M.
    (1992)
    Determination and validity of critical velocity as an index of swimming performance in the competitive swimmer.
    European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 64(2), 153-157.
    Reference →
  3. Wakayoshi, K., D'Acquisto, L. J., Cappaert, J. M., & Troup, J. P.
    (1993)
    Does critical swimming velocity represent exercise intensity at maximal lactate steady state?
    European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 66(1), 90-95.
    Reference →
  4. U.S. Masters Swimming
    (n.d.)
    How to Train With Critical Swim Speed Intervals.
    USMS Fitness and Training Articles.
    Reference →
  5. Garmin Support
    (n.d.)
    What is Critical Swim Speed?
    Garmin Customer Support Documentation.
    Reference →
  6. Garmin
    (n.d.)
    Recording a Critical Swim Speed Test - Forerunner 265 Series.
    Garmin Owner's Manual.
    Reference →

Training Stress Score (TSS) & Training Load

  1. Coggan, A., & Allen, H.
    (2009)
    Estimating TSS.
    TrainingBible.com Blog.
    Reference →
  2. TrainingPeaks
    (n.d.)
    Training Stress Scores (TSS) Explained.
    TrainingPeaks Help Center.
    Reference →
  3. TrainingPeaks
    (n.d.)
    What You Need to Know About Swim TSS.
    TrainingPeaks Blog.
    Reference →
  4. TrainingPeaks
    (n.d.)
    Calculating Swimming TSS Score.
    TrainingPeaks Learn Articles.
    Reference →
  5. Garmin Support
    (n.d.)
    What is Training Stress Score?
    Garmin Customer Support.
    Reference →
  6. Ho'Omau Endurance
    (n.d.)
    Training Stress Score (TSS) - Enduropedia.
    Ho'Omau Endurance Learning Resources.
    Reference →
  7. Schuller, T., & Rodríguez, F. A.
    (2015)
    Heart Rate-Based Indices to Quantify Swimming Training Load.
    European Journal of Sport Science, 15(4), 273-280.
  8. Wallace, L. K., Slattery, K. M., & Coutts, A. J.
    (2009)
    The Ecological Validity and Application of the Session-RPE Method for Quantifying Training Loads in Swimming.
    Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), 33-38.

Performance Management (CTL, ATL, TSB)

  1. TrainingPeaks
    (n.d.)
    The Science of the TrainingPeaks Performance Manager.
    TrainingPeaks Learn Articles.
    Reference →
  2. Cox, C.
    (2010)
    Analytical Triathlon Training Part 4: The Performance Management Chart.
    Coach Cox Blog.
    Reference →
  3. TrainingPeaks
    (n.d.)
    A Coach's Guide to ATL, CTL & TSB.
    TrainingPeaks Coach Blog.
    Reference →
  4. TrainerRoad
    (n.d.)
    What are CTL, ATL, TSB & TSS? Why Do They Matter?
    TrainerRoad Blog.
    Reference →
  5. Livity
    (n.d.)
    Training Load Calculator: ATL, CTL & Cardio Status Guide.
    Livity App Resources.
    Reference →
  6. Lumin Sports
    (n.d.)
    Understanding Training Load.
    Lumin Sports Help Center.
    Reference →

SWOLF & Swimming Efficiency

  1. Wikipedia Contributors
    (n.d.)
    Swolf.
    Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
    Reference →
  2. Speedo
    (n.d.)
    How To Improve Your SWOLF Score.
    Speedo Blog - Advice.
    Reference →
  3. Topend Sports
    (n.d.)
    SWOLF Swimming Efficiency Test.
    Topend Sports - Testing.
    Reference →
  4. Garmin
    (n.d.)
    Swolf Score - Garmin Swim 2 Manual.
    Garmin Product Documentation.
    Reference →
  5. SportTracks
    (n.d.)
    Why Training to Improve Your SWOLF Score is Worthwhile.
    SportTracks Blog.
    Reference →
  6. Parnell, K.
    (n.d.)
    What is SWOLF and How Can it Make Me a Better Swimmer?
    ChiliTri Blog.
    Reference →

Stroke Rate & Distance Per Stroke

  1. 220 Triathlon
    (n.d.)
    What is a Good Swim Cadence and How Can I Increase Mine?
    220 Triathlon - Training.
    Reference →
  2. FloSwimming
    (n.d.)
    The Fine Line Between Distance Per Stroke & Stroke Rate.
    FloSwimming Articles.
    Reference →
  3. Analysis Swim
    (n.d.)
    Stroke Rate vs. Distance per Stroke in Swimming.
    Analysis Swim News.
    Reference →
  4. USA Triathlon
    (n.d.)
    Open Water Training Using Stroke Rate.
    USA Triathlon Articles.
    Reference →
  5. TrainingPeaks
    (n.d.)
    How To Use Stroke Rate To Improve Your Open-Water Swimming.
    TrainingPeaks Blog.
    Reference →
  6. MyProCoach
    (n.d.)
    How Can I Improve My Stroke Rate?
    MyProCoach Support.
    Reference →
  7. Tritonwear
    (n.d.)
    Distance Per Stroke.
    Tritonwear Success Centre.
    Reference →
  8. YourSwimLog
    (n.d.)
    6 Tips to Improve Your Distance Per Stroke.
    YourSwimLog.com.
    Reference →
  9. Steel City Endurance
    (n.d.)
    Do This to Reduce Your Stroke Count and Get Faster at Swimming.
    Steel City Endurance - Triathlon.
    Reference →
  10. Confluence Running
    (n.d.)
    Stroke Rate vs. Stroke Length: Unlocking the Secret to Faster Swimming.
    Confluence Running Blog.
    Reference →
  11. The Endurance Store
    (n.d.)
    Stroke Rate V Stroke Count, and Why it's Critical for Swim Performance.
    The Endurance Store Blog.
    Reference →
  12. Triathlete
    (n.d.)
    What Is The Ideal Stroke Rate?
    Triathlete - Training.
    Reference →
  13. Total Immersion
    (n.d.)
    What's the Right Stroke Count?
    Total Immersion Blog.
    Reference →
  14. U.S. Masters Swimming
    (n.d.)
    How Many Strokes Should I Be Taking Per Length?
    USMS Fitness and Training.
    Reference →

Pace Consistency & Tactics

  1. FORM Swim
    (n.d.)
    Understanding and Improving Your Swim Pace.
    FORM Swim Blog.
    Reference →
  2. U.S. Masters Swimming
    (n.d.)
    Teach Your Swimmers to Perceive Their Pace.
    USMS Fitness and Training Articles.
    Reference →

Turn Analysis & Technique

  1. Nicol, E., Tor, E., & Ball, K.
    (2022)
    Improving Tumble Turn Performance in Swimming—The Impact of Wall Contact Time.
    Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 936695.
    Reference →
  2. Lyttle, A., & Blanksby, B.
    (2003)
    Force and Time Analysis of Backstroke to Breaststroke Turns.
    NMU Commons - Conference Papers.
    Reference →
  3. Veiga, S., Cala, A., Frutos, P. G., & Navarro, E.
    (2014)
    Start Fast, Swim Faster, Turn Fastest: Section Analyses and Normative Data for Individual Medley.
    Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(2), 233-242.
    Reference →
  4. Nicol, E., Tor, E., & Ball, K.
    (2019)
    The Characteristics of an Elite Swimming Turn.
    ISBS Conference Proceedings, NMU Commons.
    Reference →
  5. VS. Sports
    (2020)
    Attack the Walls: The Importance of Turns in Swimming.
    VS. Sports Blog.
    Reference →

Biomechanics & Swimming Science

  1. Barbosa, T. M., Bragada, J. A., Reis, V. M., Marinho, D. A., Carvalho, C., & Silva, A. J.
    (2010)
    Energetics and Biomechanics as Determining Factors of Swimming Performance: Updating the State of the Art.
    Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(2), 262-269.
  2. Toussaint, H. M., & Beek, P. J.
    (1992)
    Biomechanics of Competitive Front Crawl Swimming.
    Sports Medicine, 13(1), 8-24.
  3. Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Bardy, B. G.
    (2007)
    Effect of Swimming Velocity on Arm Coordination in the Front Crawl: A Dynamic Analysis.
    Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(7), 651-660.
  4. Costill, D. L., Kovaleski, J., Porter, D., Kirwan, J., Fielding, R., & King, D.
    (1985)
    Energy Expenditure During Front Crawl Swimming: Predicting Success in Middle-Distance Events.
    International Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(5), 266-270.
  5. Fernandes, R. J., Keskinen, K. L., Colaço, P., Querido, A. J., Machado, L. J., Morais, P. A., ... & Vilas-Boas, J. P.
    (2008)
    Time Limit at VO2max Velocity in Elite Crawl Swimmers.
    International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(2), 145-150.
  6. Sousa, A., Figueiredo, P., Zamparo, P., Pyne, D. B., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J.
    (2014)
    Exercise Modality Effect on Oxygen Uptake Off-Transient Kinetics at Maximal Oxygen Uptake Intensity.
    Experimental Physiology, 99(8), 1157-1167.

Wearable Technology & Machine Learning

  1. Mooney, R., Corley, G., Godfrey, A., Quinlan, L. R., & ÓLaighin, G.
    (2016)
    Inertial Sensor Technology for Elite Swimming Performance Analysis: A Systematic Review.
    Sensors, 16(1), 18.
  2. Silva, A. F., Carvalho, D. D., Sá, J., Santos, R., Moreira, E., Clemente, F. M., ... & Clemente, S.
    (2021)
    Online Recognition of Swimming Stroke and Style Using an Automatic Learning Framework.
    Sensors, 21(14), 4646.

Science-Based Swimming Analytics

These 55+ scientific references form the evidence base for SwimAnalytics. Every formula, metric, and recommendation is grounded in peer-reviewed research, not speculation or anecdote.

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